A
healthy diet is one that helps maintain or improve overall
health.
A healthy diet provides the body with essential
nutrition: fluid, adequate essential
amino acids from
protein,
[1] essential
fatty acids,
vitamins,
minerals, and adequate calories. The requirements for a healthy diet can be met from a variety of plant-based and animal-based foods. A healthy diet supports energy needs and provides for
human nutritionwithout exposure to
toxicity or excessive weight gain from consuming excessive amounts. Where lack of calories is not an issue, a properly balanced diet (in addition to
exercise) is also thought to be important for lowering health risks, such as
obesity,
heart disease,
type 2 diabetes,
hypertension and
cancer.
[2]
Various
nutrition guides are published by medical and governmental institutions to educate the public on what they should be eating to promote health.
Nutrition facts labels are also mandatory in some countries to allow consumers to choose between foods based on the components relevant to health.
Recommendations[edit]
World Health Organization[edit]
Other recommendations include:
- Essential micronutrients such as vitamins and certain minerals.
- Avoiding directly poisonous (e.g. heavy metals) and carcinogenic (e.g. benzene) substances.
- Avoiding foods contaminated by human pathogens (e.g. E. coli, tapeworm eggs).
American Heart Association / World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research[edit]
The
American Heart Association,
World Cancer Research Fund, and
American Institute for Cancer Research recommends a diet that consists mostly of unprocessed plant foods, with emphasis a wide range of whole grains, legumes, and non-starchy vegetables and fruits. This healthy diet is replete with a wide range of various non-starchy vegetables and fruits, that provide different colors including red, green, yellow, white, purple, and orange. They note that tomato cooked with oil, allium vegetables like garlic, and
cruciferous vegetables like cauliflower, provide some protection against cancer. This healthy diet is low in energy density, which may protect against weight gain and associated diseases. Finally, limiting consumption of sugary drinks, limiting energy rich foods, including “fast foods” and red meat, and avoiding processed meats improves health and longevity. Overall, researchers and medical policy conclude that this healthy diet can reduce the risk of chronic disease and cancer.
[5][6]
Harvard School of Public Health[edit]
- Choose good carbohydrates: whole grains (the less processed the better), vegetables, fruits and beans. Avoid white bread, white rice, and the like as well as pastries, sugared sodas, and other highly processed food.[8]
- Pay attention to the protein package: good choices include fish, poultry, nuts, and beans. Try to avoid red meat.[9]
- Choose foods containing healthy fats. Plant oils, nuts, and fish are the best choices. Limit consumption of saturated fats, and avoid foods with trans fat.[7]
- Choose a fiber-filled diet which includes whole grains, vegetables, and fruits.[10]
- Eat more vegetables and fruits—the more colorful and varied, the better.[7]
- Calcium is important, but milk is not its best source. Good sources of calcium are collards, bok choy, fortified soy milk, baked beans, and supplements which contain calcium and vitamin D.[11]
- Water is the best source of liquid. Avoid sugary drinks, and limit intake of juices and milk. Coffee, tea, artificially-sweetened drinks, 100-percent fruit juices, low-fat milk and alcohol can fit into a healthy diet but are best consumed in moderation. Sports drinks are recommended only for people who exercise more than an hour at a stretch to replace substances lost in sweat.[12]
- Limit salt intake. Choose more fresh foods, instead of processed ones.[7]
- Moderate alcohol drinking has health benefits, but is not recommended for everyone.[7]
- Daily multivitamin and extra vitamin D intake has potential health benefits.[7]
For specific conditions[edit]
In addition to dietary recommendations for the general population, there are many specific diets that have primarily been developed to promote better health in specific population groups, such as people with
high blood pressure (as in
low sodium diets or the more specific
DASH diet), or people who are
overweight or
obese (in
weight control diets). However, some of them may have more or less evidence for beneficial effects in normal people as well.
Hypertension[edit]
The
DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) is a
diet promoted by the
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (part of the
NIH, a United States government organization) to control
hypertension. A major feature of the plan is limiting intake of
sodium,
[14] and it also generally encourages the consumption of nuts, whole grains, fish, poultry, fruits and vegetables while lowering the consumption of red meats, sweets, and sugar. It is also "rich in potassium, magnesium, and calcium, as well as protein". Evidence shows that the
Mediterranean diet improves cardiovascular outcomes.
[15]
WHO recommends few standards such as an intake of less than 5 grams per person per day so as to prevent one from
cardiovascular disease. Unsaturated fatty acids with polyunsaturated vegetable oils, on the other hand plays an essential role in reducing coronary heart disease risk as well as diabetes.
[16]
Obesity[edit]
Diets to promote
weight loss are divided into four categories:
low-fat,
low-carbohydrate,
low-calorie, and
very low calorie.
[17] A
meta-analysis of six randomized controlled trials found no difference between the main diet types (low calorie, low carbohydrate, and low fat), with a 2–4 kilogram weight loss in all studies.
[17] At two years, all calorie-reduced diet types cause equal weight loss irrespective of the macronutrients emphasized.
[18]
Reduced disease risk[edit]
There may be a relationship between lifestyle including food consumption and potentially lowering the risk of
cancer or other
chronic diseases. A diet high in fruits and vegetables appears to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease and death but not cancer.
[19]
A healthy diet may consist mostly of whole plant foods, with limited consumption of
energy dense foods,
red meat,
alcoholic drinks and
salt while reducing consumption of
sugary drinks, and
processed meat.
[20] A healthy diet may contain non-starchy vegetables and fruits, including those with red, green, yellow, white, purple or orange
pigments. Tomato cooked with oil,
allium vegetables like
garlic, and cruciferous vegetables like
cauliflower "probably" contain compounds which are under research for their possible anti-cancer activity.
[5][6]
A healthy diet is low in energy density, lowering caloric content, thereby possibly inhibiting weight gain and lowering risk against chronic diseases.
[5][6][21] Chronic Western diseases are associated with pathologically increased
IGF-1 levels. Findings in molecular biology and epidemiologic data suggest that milk consumption is a promoter of chronic diseases of Western nations, including atherosclerosis, carcinogenesis and neurodegenerative diseases.
[22]
Unhealthy diets[edit]
Fad diets[edit]
Main article:
Food faddism
Fad diet usually refers to idiosyncratic diets and eating patterns.
[25] They are diets that claim to promote
weight loss or treat
obesity by various mechanisms,
[26] provide little to no scientific reasoning behind their purported health benefits, and have little or no proof to support them.
Public health[edit]
Fears of high
cholesterol were frequently voiced up until the mid-1990s. However, more recent research has shown that the distinction between high- and low-density
lipoprotein ('good' and 'bad' cholesterol, respectively) must be addressed when speaking of the potential ill effects of cholesterol. Different types of dietary fat have different effects on blood levels of cholesterol. For example, polyunsaturated fats tend to decrease both types of cholesterol; monounsaturated fats tend to lower LDL and raise HDL; saturated fats tend to either raise HDL, or raise both HDL and LDL;
[27][28] and trans fat tend to raise LDL and lower HDL. Dietary cholesterol itself is only found in animal products such as meat, eggs, and dairy, but studies have shown that even large amounts of dietary cholesterol only have negligible effects on blood cholesterol.
[29]
Vending machines in particular have come under fire as being avenues of entry into schools for
junk food promoters. However, there is little in the way of regulation and it is difficult for most people to properly analyze the real merits of a company referring to itself as "healthy." Recently, the United Kingdom removed the rights for
McDonald's to advertise its products, as the majority of the foods that were seen have low nutrient values and high fat counts were aimed at children under the guise of the "Happy Meal"
[citation needed]. The
British Heart Foundation released its own government-funded advertisements, labeled "
Food4Thought", which were targeted at children and adults displaying the gory nature of how fast food is generally constituted.
Cultural and psychological factors[edit]
From a
psychological and
cultural perspective, a healthier diet may be difficult to achieve for people with poor eating habits.
[30] This may be due to tastes acquired in childhood and preferences for sugary, salty and/or fatty foods.
[31]
